Fig. 1

Inflammatory gene expression in RAW264.7 macrophages exposed to DEHP, DBP, and DEP. (a) mRNA expression of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and COX-2 in RAW264.7 macrophages exposed to 0, 100, or 300 µM of phthalate for 24–48 h, using qRT–PCR. Data are presented as the mean ± standard deviation. *p < 0.05 and **p < 0.01 vs. vehicle control. Data were obtained from three independent experiments. (b) Protein levels of COX-2 and iNOS in RAW264.7 macrophages following treatment with 0, 100, or 300 µM of phthalates for 24–48 h, using western blot analysis. The expression levels of the proteins were quantified using ImageJ. β-actin was used as the internal control. Data are presented as the mean ± standard deviation. *p < 0.05 and **p < 0.01 vs. vehicle control. Data were obtained from three independent experiments